20 Laravel Eloquent Tips and Tricks

Published on by

20 Laravel Eloquent Tips and Tricks image

Eloquent ORM seems like a simple mechanism, but under the hood, there’s a lot of semi-hidden functions and less-known ways to achieve more with it. In this article, I will show you a few tricks.

1. Increments and Decrements

Instead of this:

$article = Article::find($article_id);
$article->read_count++;
$article->save();

You can do this:

$article = Article::find($article_id);
$article->increment('read_count');

Also these will work:

Article::find($article_id)->increment('read_count');
Article::find($article_id)->increment('read_count', 10); // +10
Product::find($produce_id)->decrement('stock'); // -1

2. XorY methods

Eloquent has quite a few functions that combine two methods, like “please do X, otherwise do Y”.

Example 1findOrFail():

Instead of:

$user = User::find($id);
if (!$user) { abort (404); }

Do this:

$user = User::findOrFail($id);

Example 2firstOrCreate():

Instead of:

$user = User::where('email', $email)->first();
if (!$user) {
User::create([
'email' => $email
]);
}

Do just this:

$user = User::firstOrCreate(['email' => $email]);

3. Model boot() method

There is a magical place called boot() in an Eloquent model where you can override default behavior:

class User extends Model
{
public static function boot()
{
parent::boot();
static::updating(function($model)
{
// do some logging
// override some property like $model->something = transform($something);
});
}
}

Probably one of the most popular examples is setting some field value at the moment of creating the model object. Let’s say you want to generate UUID field at that moment.

public static function boot()
{
parent::boot();
self::creating(function ($model) {
$model->uuid = (string)Uuid::generate();
});
}

4. Relationship with conditions and ordering

This is a typical way to define relationship:

public function users() {
return $this->hasMany('App\User');
}

But did you know that at this point we can already add where or orderBy? For example, if you want a specific relationship for some type of users, also ordered by email, you can do this:

public function approvedUsers() {
return $this->hasMany('App\User')->where('approved', 1)->orderBy('email');
}

5. Model properties: timestamps, appends etc.

There are a few “parameters” of an Eloquent model, in the form of properties of that class. The most popular ones are probably these:

class User extends Model {
protected $table = 'users';
protected $fillable = ['email', 'password']; // which fields can be filled with User::create()
protected $dates = ['created_at', 'deleted_at']; // which fields will be Carbon-ized
protected $appends = ['field1', 'field2']; // additional values returned in JSON
}

But wait, there’s more:

protected $primaryKey = 'uuid'; // it doesn't have to be "id"
public $incrementing = false; // and it doesn't even have to be auto-incrementing!
protected $perPage = 25; // Yes, you can override pagination count PER MODEL (default 15)
const CREATED_AT = 'created_at';
const UPDATED_AT = 'updated_at'; // Yes, even those names can be overridden
public $timestamps = false; // or even not used at all

And there’s even more, I’ve listed the most interesting ones, for more please check out the code of default abstract Model class and check out all the traits used.


6. Find multiple entries

Everyone knows the find() method, right?

$user = User::find(1);

I’m quite surprised how few people know about that it can accept multiple IDs as an array:

$users = User::find([1,2,3]);

7. WhereX

There’s an elegant way to turn this:

$users = User::where('approved', 1)->get();

Into this:

$users = User::whereApproved(1)->get();

Yes, you can change the name of any field and append it as a suffix to “where” and it will work by magic.

Also, there are some pre-defined methods in Eloquent, related to date/time:

User::whereDate('created_at', date('Y-m-d'));
User::whereDay('created_at', date('d'));
User::whereMonth('created_at', date('m'));
User::whereYear('created_at', date('Y'));

8. Order by relationship

A little more complicated “trick”. What if you have forum topics but want to order them by latest post? Pretty common requirement in forums with last updated topics on the top, right?

First, describe a separate relationship for the latest post on the topic:

public function latestPost()
{
return $this->hasOne(\App\Post::class)->latest();
}

And then, in our controller, we can do this “magic”:

$users = Topic::with('latestPost')->get()->sortByDesc('latestPost.created_at');

9. Eloquent::when() – no more if-else’s

Many of us write conditional queries with “if-else”, something like this:

if (request('filter_by') == 'likes') {
$query->where('likes', '>', request('likes_amount', 0));
}
if (request('filter_by') == 'date') {
$query->orderBy('created_at', request('ordering_rule', 'desc'));
}

But there’s a better way – to use when():

$query = Author::query();
$query->when(request('filter_by') == 'likes', function ($q) {
return $q->where('likes', '>', request('likes_amount', 0));
});
$query->when(request('filter_by') == 'date', function ($q) {
return $q->orderBy('created_at', request('ordering_rule', 'desc'));
});

It may not feel shorter or more elegant, but the most powerful is passing of the parameters:

$query = User::query();
$query->when(request('role', false), function ($q, $role) {
return $q->where('role_id', $role);
});
$authors = $query->get();

10. BelongsTo Default Models

Let’s say you have Post belonging to Author and then Blade code:

{{ $post->author->name }}

But what if the author is deleted, or isn’t set for some reason? You will get an error, something like “property of non-object”.

Of course, you can prevent it like this:

{{ $post->author->name ?? '' }}

But you can do it on Eloquent relationship level:

public function author()
{
return $this->belongsTo('App\Author')->withDefault();
}

In this example, the author() relation will return an empty App\Author model if no author is attached to the post.

Furthermore, we can assign default property values to that default model.

public function author()
{
return $this->belongsTo('App\Author')->withDefault([
'name' => 'Guest Author'
]);
}

11. Order by Mutator

Imagine you have this:

function getFullNameAttribute()
{
return $this->attributes['first_name'] . ' ' . $this->attributes['last_name'];
}

Now, you want to order by that full_name? This won’t work:

$clients = Client::orderBy('full_name')->get(); // doesn't work

The solution is quite simple. We need to order the results after we get them.

$clients = Client::get()->sortBy('full_name'); // works!

Notice that the function name is different – it’s not orderBy, it’s sortBy.


12. Default ordering in global scope

What if you want to have User::all() always be ordered by name field? You can assign a global scope. Let’s go back to the boot() method, which we mentioned already above.

protected static function boot()
{
parent::boot();
 
// Order by name ASC
static::addGlobalScope('order', function (Builder $builder) {
$builder->orderBy('name', 'asc');
});
}

Read more about Query Scopes here.


13. Raw query methods

Sometimes we need to add raw queries to our Eloquent statements. Luckily, there are functions for that.

// whereRaw
$orders = DB::table('orders')
->whereRaw('price > IF(state = "TX", ?, 100)', [200])
->get();
 
// havingRaw
Product::groupBy('category_id')->havingRaw('COUNT(*) > 1')->get();
 
// orderByRaw
User::where('created_at', '>', '2016-01-01')
->orderByRaw('(updated_at - created_at) desc')
->get();

14. Replicate: make a copy of a row

Short one. Without deep explanations, here’s the best way to make a copy of database entry:

$task = Tasks::find(1);
$newTask = $task->replicate();
$newTask->save();

15. Chunk() method for big tables

Not exactly Eloquent related, it’s more about Collection, but still powerful – to process bigger datasets, you can chunk them into pieces.

Instead of:

$users = User::all();
foreach ($users as $user) {
// ...

You can do:

User::chunk(100, function ($users) {
foreach ($users as $user) {
// ...
}
});

16. Create additional things when creating a model

We all know this Artisan command:

php artisan make:model Company

But did you know there are three useful flags to generate related files to the model?

php artisan make:model Company -mcr
  • -m will create a migration file
  • -c will create a controller
  • -r will indicate that controller should be resourceful

17. Override updated_at when saving

Did you know that ->save() method can accept parameters? As a result, we can tell it to “ignore” updated_at default functionality to be filled with current timestamp. See this:

$product = Product::find($id);
$product->updated_at = '2019-01-01 10:00:00';
$product->save(['timestamps' => false]);

Here we’re overriding default updated_at with our pre-defined one.


18. What is the result of an update()?

Have you ever wondered what this code actually returns?

$result = $products->whereNull('category_id')->update(['category_id' => 2]);

I mean, the update is performed in the database, but what would that $result contain?

The answer is affected rows. So if you need to check how many rows were affected, you don’t need to call anything else – update() method will return this number for you.


19. Transform brackets into an Eloquent query

What if you have and-or mix in your SQL query, like this:

... WHERE (gender = 'Male' and age >= 18) or (gender = 'Female' and age >= 65)

How to translate it into Eloquent? This is the wrong way:

$q->where('gender', 'Male');
$q->orWhere('age', '>=', 18);
$q->where('gender', 'Female');
$q->orWhere('age', '>=', 65);

The order will be incorrect. The right way is a little more complicated, using closure functions as sub-queries:

$q->where(function ($query) {
$query->where('gender', 'Male')
->where('age', '>=', 18);
})->orWhere(function($query) {
$query->where('gender', 'Female')
->where('age', '>=', 65);
})

20. orWhere with multiple parameters

Finally, you can pass an array of parameters to orWhere(). “Usual” way:

$q->where('a', 1);
$q->orWhere('b', 2);
$q->orWhere('c', 3);

You can do it like this:

$q->where('a', 1);
$q->orWhere(['b' => 2, 'c' => 3]);

If you enjoyed these Eloquent tips, check out my online course Eloquent: Expert Level and learn about creating relationships, querying data effectively and exploring Eloquent features that you may not know about.

PovilasKorop photo

Creator of Courses and Tutorials at Laravel Daily

Cube

Laravel Newsletter

Join 40k+ other developers and never miss out on new tips, tutorials, and more.

image
Paragraph

Manage your Laravel app as if it was a CMS – edit any text on any page or in any email without touching Blade or language files.

Visit Paragraph
Laravel Forge logo

Laravel Forge

Easily create and manage your servers and deploy your Laravel applications in seconds.

Laravel Forge
Tinkerwell logo

Tinkerwell

The must-have code runner for Laravel developers. Tinker with AI, autocompletion and instant feedback on local and production environments.

Tinkerwell
No Compromises logo

No Compromises

Joel and Aaron, the two seasoned devs from the No Compromises podcast, are now available to hire for your Laravel project. ⬧ Flat rate of $7500/mo. ⬧ No lengthy sales process. ⬧ No contracts. ⬧ 100% money back guarantee.

No Compromises
Kirschbaum logo

Kirschbaum

Providing innovation and stability to ensure your web application succeeds.

Kirschbaum
Shift logo

Shift

Running an old Laravel version? Instant, automated Laravel upgrades and code modernization to keep your applications fresh.

Shift
Bacancy logo

Bacancy

Supercharge your project with a seasoned Laravel developer with 4-6 years of experience for just $2500/month. Get 160 hours of dedicated expertise & a risk-free 15-day trial. Schedule a call now!

Bacancy
LoadForge logo

LoadForge

Easy, affordable load testing and stress tests for websites, APIs and databases.

LoadForge
Paragraph logo

Paragraph

Manage your Laravel app as if it was a CMS – edit any text on any page or in any email without touching Blade or language files.

Paragraph
Lucky Media logo

Lucky Media

Bespoke software solutions built for your business. We ♥ Laravel

Lucky Media
Lunar: Laravel E-Commerce logo

Lunar: Laravel E-Commerce

E-Commerce for Laravel. An open-source package that brings the power of modern headless e-commerce functionality to Laravel.

Lunar: Laravel E-Commerce
DocuWriter.ai logo

DocuWriter.ai

Save hours of manually writing Code Documentation, Comments & DocBlocks, Test suites and Refactoring.

DocuWriter.ai
Rector logo

Rector

Your partner for seamless Laravel upgrades, cutting costs, and accelerating innovation for successful companies

Rector

The latest

View all →
Non-backed Enums in Database Queries and a withSchedule() bootstrap method in Laravel 11.1 image

Non-backed Enums in Database Queries and a withSchedule() bootstrap method in Laravel 11.1

Read article
Laravel Pint --bail Flag image

Laravel Pint --bail Flag

Read article
Laravel Herd for Windows is now released! image

Laravel Herd for Windows is now released!

Read article
The Laravel Worldwide Meetup is Today image

The Laravel Worldwide Meetup is Today

Read article
Cache Routes with Cloudflare in Laravel image

Cache Routes with Cloudflare in Laravel

Read article
Learn how to manage timezones in your Laravel Apps image

Learn how to manage timezones in your Laravel Apps

Read article